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  2. New Multidisciplinary Institute Marks Golden Age for Space Research
February 13, 2024

New Multidisciplinary Initiative Marks Golden Age for Space Research

The Georgia Institute of Technology has a long history in space research and exploration, from educating astronauts to developing and controlling spacecraft that can travel across the solar system.

Rocket launch set up as part of Georgia Tech research

Some Georgia Tech researchers solve cosmic mysteries such as how supermassive black holes were born — and others now are getting a better, sharper look at those black holes. There are investigators searching for the origins of life, and some leading multi-institutional projects exploring questions of  how life evolved and about the presence of water in the lunar environment to enable the return of human explorers for a sustained period.

And that barely gets us into orbit — there’s a lot of Georgia Tech in space. Much of the work is supported by longtime Georgia Tech partners like NASA, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Defense. But as space becomes more accessible, affordable, and necessary for commercial activity — and therefore more crowded — Tech is also developing expertise in space policy and business.

And now, plans are underway for the next big phase of Georgia Tech’s outer space mission with the launch of the Space Research Initiative (SRI) on campus. The SRI team will work to strengthen interdisciplinary relationships in space research at Georgia Tech, which will lead to creation of an Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRI) by 2025.

“This is a golden age for space exploration in general, and in particular at Georgia Tech, especially when we think about what is happening in our lifetime, and what will happen in the lives of the students coming through this university,” says Glenn Lightsey, interim SRI director.

“One of the strengths of this planning effort was how the committee managed to include so many sectors of campus. We’re very enthusiastic about space research at Georgia Tech and how it will fit into our interdisciplinary research focus areas.”  —Julia Kubanek


The initiative is being developed by a steering committee of faculty members across campus and chaired by Lightsey, who made a year-long study of Georgia Tech’s space research universe. They gathered input from students and about 100 faculty representing all of Georgia Tech’s colleges, the Office of Commercialization, the Library, Enterprise Innovation Institute (EI2), and Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI).

And they made the following recommendation to the executive vice president for Research’s office: Create an IRI focused on interdisciplinary space research, incorporating existing centers and integrating the work of existing labs and programs. The Space Research Initiative is the first step in this process. Between now and summer 2025, the team will work to strengthen the interdisciplinary space research community at Georgia Tech and set the foundation for the future IRI.

“One of the strengths of this planning effort was how the committee managed to include so many sectors of campus,” says Julia Kubanek, vice president for Interdisciplinary Research. “We’re very enthusiastic about space research at Georgia Tech and how it will fit into our interdisciplinary research focus areas.”

Space Is the Place

Georgia Tech researchers working in a laboratory

The timing for the initiative could not better.

“The university and the faculty here have put a high priority on doing research, and expanding our focus in space,” says Lightsey, former director of both the Space Systems Design Lab (SSDL)  and the Center for Space Technology and Research (CSTAR).

“It’s happening across the board, spanning all the different ways we can engage in making progress in space,” he adds. “That includes technology and science, obviously, but also security, policy, business, even culture and art — so much of which is focused on space and space exploration. The science fiction of 50 years ago is the science and engineering of today.”

Right now, there are more than 8,300 satellites circling the planet. Every three days, on average, a rocket launches from Earth, about half of them from Cape Canaveral on Florida’s Atlantic coast, carrying spacecraft and other payloads, delivering the foundation of a new space age.

“The space industry — the science and technology component, all the commercial enterprises, including tourism — is projected to be more than a trillion dollars by 2030,” says Thom Orlando, Regents’ Professor in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry who leads the $7.5 million Center for Lunar Environment and Volatile Exploration Research (CLEVER).

“Space medicine and human exploration might even be one of the industries that emerge in Atlanta. I view the space research IRI as a pathway to these opportunities.” —Thom Orlando

 

Illustrative graphic showing research areas in space by themes

A co-founder and former director of CSTAR, Orlando has long supported the concept of a space research IRI and expects it will help drive regional economic development, potentially creating new business opportunities and jobs for talented graduates who currently leave the state to join NASA or SpaceX or some other enterprise. He also sees an IRI as a potential facilitator for a developing area of research: space health and medicine.

“We have to consider the human component when we think about space exploration,” says Orlando, whose lab has been involved in NASA’s Artemis program, working on technology that will keep astronauts safe in their suits when they return to the moon. Artemis II (with a targeted launch of September 2025) will send a crew of four to orbit the moon, a first test for NASA’s human deep space exploration capabilities.

“Our next generation of explorers will be working under extreme conditions and living in an autonomously controlled environment for an extended length of time, on the moon,” he adds. “As we consider the growth of our space research enterprise, I think we’ll have opportunities to integrate experts at the Emory School of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, and the University of Georgia in a statewide alliance focused on human space exploration. Space medicine and human exploration might even be one of the industries that emerges in Atlanta. I view the space research IRI as a pathway to these opportunities.”

Part of the Solution

Georgia Tech aerospace research equipment model in the lab

As an aerospace engineer, Lightsey has never really considered the challenges of getting into space as technical limitations. They’ve been economic.

“Twenty years ago, space was only accessible to governments. It was too expensive for everyone else. But that’s all changed,” he says. “The lower cost of launch vehicles, the more rapid cadence of launches, the miniaturization of systems — all of these things have helped transform the space industry. The more stakeholders you have, the more affordable it gets.”

Five or 10 years ago, Georgia Tech didn’t have satellites in space. Now there are almost a dozen.

“The fact that a university can do this is amazing,” Lightsey says. “The cost has come down that much, which means universities can participate, which provides incredible experiences for our students at the beginning of their careers.”

“The work we do in space is important for the world we want to live in 100 years from now. Space is a big part of our increasing understanding of climate change, and to improving the environment, providing fresh water to people all over the world, improving crop yields, and basically managing the Earth for the betterment of everyone. Space is going to be an essential part of any solution.” —Glenn Lightsey


His students are designing satellites, then operating them as they conduct missions in space. 
Aerospace engineering undergraduate Dalton Luedke has designed a new rocket engine for NASA, a potential big step in deep space exploration. Other students, like Ph.D. candidate Emmy Hughes, are more grounded in their focus. A planetary geologist in the lab of James Wray, she published a recent study of salts and the history of water on Mars.

“The breadth of opportunities for students working in space research is staggering,” Lightsey says. “It’s inspiring, and I see it as one of the primary missions of a research institute, bringing this community of student and faculty researchers together.”

Beyond that, he says, are more pragmatic aims of the IRI, a global purpose, the 20,000-mile view that only an outer space vantage point could provide in the years to come.

“The work we do in space is important for the world we want to live in 100 years from now,” Lightsey says. “Space is a big part of our increasing understanding of climate change, and to improving the environment, providing fresh water to people all over the world, improving crop yields, and basically managing the Earth for the betterment of everyone. Space is going to be an essential part of any solution.”

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Research Groups

  • Center for Space Technology and Research (CSTAR)
  • Space Systems Design Laboratory (SSDL)
  • Georgia Tech Astrobiology Program
  • Center for the Origin of Life
  • Space Exploration Analysis Laboratory (SEAL)
  • Planetary and Space Physics
  • Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (CRA)
  • REVEALS
  • Joint Advanced Propulsion Institute (JANUS)
  • PLANETAS
  • Creative Destruction Lab
  • Dynamics and Control Systems Laboratory
  • Predictive Analytics and Intelligent Systems (PAIS)
  • Space Systems Optimization Group
  • Low Gravity Science and Technology Lab
Banner image with text reading Georgia Tech's Space Force on a background of stars from outerspace

Georgia Tech’s Space Researchers Driving Plans for Future IRI

Bob Nerem, founding director of the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, one of the first interdisciplinary research institutes (IRI) created at Georgia Tech, began his long career as an aerospace engineer. But he became a pioneering bioengineer while working for NASA to study the effects of vibration on human physiology. 

It didn’t matter whether Nerem was studying the stars or the intricacies of tissue engineering. There was a constant thread connecting all of his work. “Research is a people business,” Nerem, who died in 2020, often said. 

Now Georgia Tech is planning to expand its space research enterprise with a new space-focused IRI, possibly launching in 2025. And for Glenn Lightsey, one of the leaders in this effort, the work is still all about the people.

“It’s why I’m at Georgia Tech, the human element, the people I work alongside,” said Lightsey, an aerospace engineer who builds satellite systems. “The students and faculty challenge me to be better. We challenge each other. Because together we can accomplish things that none of us could do by ourselves. It’s bringing the engineering and technology together with the human element that makes this work so fulfilling.”

With that in mind, here are some of the key ingredients — the researchers — comprising Georgia Tech’s space force.
 

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Mariel Borowitz headshot

Mariel Borowitz 

Associate Professor, Sam Nunn School of International Affairs

As Earth’s orbit and outer space become increasingly crowded with thousands of satellites, space telescopes, and other flying technology, Borowitz asks the probing questions, provides answers, and helps write the rules in a new age of exploration and habitation.

With more governments and commercial enterprises staking claims in space, she informs policymakers on a wide range of topics and emerging issues. These include access to satellite data, avoiding conflict in space, and something called space situational awareness — the practice of monitoring those flying objects to ensure they can move through traffic without crashing into something.

“This is a place that doesn’t have stoplights or internationally agreed rules of the road,” said Borowitz, whose book, Open Space: The Global Effort for Open Access to Environmental Satellite Data, delves into data sharing policies governing Earth-observing satellites, as well as interactions with the growing commercial sector.

Space situational awareness, a job traditionally carried out by the military, is going to be managed by a civil agency, the Department of Commerce. It’s “a sign of the changing times in space,” says Borowitz, who works with the agency in its new role as a space traffic monitor. “It’s an exciting transition and very rewarding to help build a new global program that will be making an impact for many years to come.”

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Chris Carr headshot

Christopher Carr

Assistant Professor, Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

Carr’s background in aero and electrical engineering, medical physics, and molecular biology comes in handy when considering his multidisciplinary research interests. 
 
Principal investigator of the Planetary eXploration Lab (PXL), Carr is focused on space instruments, space missions and systems that seek and support life beyond Earth, astrobiology and genomics, single molecule detection, machine learning, microbial adaptation and evolution, origin of life, planetary protection, human performance in extreme environments, bioastronautics, extravehicular activity, and metabolism and aging.
 
“To my engineering colleagues, I’m the crazy biologist, and to my biology colleagues, I’m the crazy engineer — that means I’m right where I want to be,” said Carr, co-director of the Georgia Tech Astrobiology Program and a member of the Space Systems Design Lab (SSDL). “We’re working on different technologies that we want to bring to the task of looking for life beyond Earth, focusing on single molecule detection.”
 
Among other things, his team is also working on a project that will send a small probe to Venus (launch is targeted for January 2025), following evidence of simple organic compounds in the planet’s sulfuric acid clouds.
 
“Because the probe will simply fall through the clouds, we’ll have about five minutes to characterize these particles,” said Carr. “Then maybe we’ll have a smoking gun for organics in the clouds of Venus. This could tell us about the limits of chemical complexity and perhaps hint at life as we don’t know it.”

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Morris Cohen headshot

Morris Cohen

Professor, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Associate Director, Center for Space Technology and Research (CSTAR)

Cohen’s Low Frequency Radio Group focuses on the generation, propagation, and detection of low frequency waves. This multidisciplinary team develops and operates its own research tools, like special antennae to transmit low frequency waves and receivers that extract data related to lightning across the planet.

They listen closely to the radio “sounds” of lightning, low frequency waves that tell researchers what’s happening in the ionosphere — the border zone between Earth and space — and beyond.

“There is a surprising link between lightning and space weather,” Cohen said. “The region surrounding the Earth, the radiation belts, are filled with energetic electrons trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. They bounce back and forth, orbiting around. Over time, they can degrade and destroy satellites, affect the reliability and accuracy of GPS, and even knock out the power grid.”

The waves released from lightning can steal energy away from those trapped electrons, Cohen added, “and in so doing, can actually restore things to normal — so lightning is basically nature’s way of keeping those radiation belts in check.”

Those belts of intense radiation have always presented a grave challenge for orbiting astronauts, or for spacecrafts bound for deep space, like the moon. So Cohen’s team is using machine learning to build a massive forecasting algorithm that would leverage the language of low frequency waves to predict space weather, such as solar flares, which increase the intensity of those killer electrons. 

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Morris Cohen headshot

Jennifer Glass

Associate Director, Center for Space Technology and Research (CSTAR) & Associate Professor, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

The Glass lab explores the early evolution of life on Earth by studying microbes that thrive on the seafloor and developing the knowledge that could help researchers investigate how life exists and evolves on other planets.

“If there is life on the subsurface of Mars, we presume it has mechanisms similar to the methane clathrates from the ocean that we’re looking at in our research,” said Glass, co-founder and co-director of the Georgia Tech Graduate Certificate Program.

Her lab’s recent NASA-funded multidisciplinary study uncovered a previously unknown bacterial protein that plays a key role in the development of methane clathrates — tiny ice cages that trap methane gas, preventing it from escaping into the atmosphere.

It’s the kind of discovery that not only offers a potential solution to climate challenges on Earth, but also excites Glass for what it might tell us about the potential for extraterrestrial life, particularly with upcoming planned NASA space missions to the outer solar system.

“Eventually, we’ll be able to look for individual proteins on Jupiter’s moon, Europa, and gather samples from the plume of Enceladus, one of Saturn’s moons,” she said. “It’s exciting to think of what we’ll find in the decades to come.”

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Glenn Lightsey headshot

Glenn Lightsey

David Lewis Professor of Space Systems Technology, Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering

Lightsey thinks of his lab as a tide that lifts all boats. “We like to team with a scientist and ask, ‘What is your dream mission? What’s the measurement in space that you would really like to make?’” he said. “Then it’s our job to figure out how we can make that happen.”

An aerospace engineer, Lightsey is balancing multiple roles, currently leading the Space Research Initiative while serving as the faculty investigator on several projects that his students are operating.

With a targeted launch in October, Virtual Super-Resolution Optics Using Reconfigurable Swarms (VISORS) is a multi-university project that will fly two briefcase-sized satellite in a precise formation to image the sun in unprecedented high resolution. And until recently Lightsey’s students controlled the Lunar Flashlight spacecraft, a satellite that is now circling the sun.

“My lab designs and builds the spacecraft to do those missions, and we actually execute the missions here from Georgia Tech,” he said. “Our students sit in front of the consoles that control the spacecraft. A student can come to Georgia Tech and see an entire space mission, happening in one place. They may not be able to do every single task involved, but they can choose to work on the topics that inspire them the most.”

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Alexander Oettl headshot

Alexander Oettl

Professor, Scheller College of Business & Co-Site Lead, Creative Destruction Lab (CDL-Atlanta)

The cost of sending payloads into low Earth orbit has plummeted over the past decade as private companies, such as SpaceX, open a new commercial frontier. Oettl helps Georgia Tech navigate this expanding marketplace.

“As an economist, I could tell you what would happen — you lower the cost of something, and people will do more of it,” said Oettl. He’s a facilitator of thought leadership, assembling teams of Georgia Tech experts and worldwide authorities in space exploration to serve as mentors for CDL-Atlanta, a startup program for science-based companies.

CDL-Atlanta is one of four outposts for the international CDL Space program. The others are based in Oxford (U.K.), Paris, and Toronto. Mentors like Chris Hadfield, former commander of the International Space Station, bring real-world insight to CDL’s global space-related companies. They’re on pace to create about $1 billion in equity value in the next year, according to Oettl, whose team is supporting more than a dozen space companies at CDL-Atlanta.

Besides growing a space economy, the program helps in developing the next generation of space entrepreneurs. For example, CDL-Atlanta embeds graduate students from Georgia Tech’s entrepreneurial education program, TI:GER. “You have super smart company founders who know the science thoroughly and have big ideas,” Oettl said. “And they’re working with brilliant MBA students who are trained in the methodology of turning those big ideas into a business.”

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Alexander Oettl headshot

Thomas Orlando

Regents’ Professor, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Director, NASA Center for Lunar Environment and Volatile Exploration Research (CLEVER)

As a new age of space exploration dawns, Orlando’s lab is helping to facilitate humanity’s return to the moon.

“We’re working on developing spacesuits that are radiation resistant,” said Orlando, who also holds a faculty position in the School of Physics. “The idea is to coat the spacesuits with sensitive, very thin materials that not only stop the radiation but actually act as a sensor.”

In studying the lunar surface through multiple disciplines, Orlando is helping humans prepare for a safe return to the moon. Artemis III will land two explorers to spend a week on the moon’s surface near the South Pole in a mission targeted for September 2026.

Much of his lab’s work is focused on water and the lunar surface, research that could help future astronauts harness natural resources at mission destinations. And the presence of large amounts of water ice on the airless lunar poles raises the moon’s profile as an astrobiological laboratory.

“Earth is not an ideal place to look for signatures of life because we’ve polluted the place so profoundly,” Orlando said. “The moon’s poles, on the other hand, could be a pristine library of molecules, some prebiotic, frozen in time — like a museum for the birth of the solar system and the evolution of the dynamic Earth-moon system, which is critical to the emergence and persistence of life.” 

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W. Jud Ready headshot

W. Jud Ready

Director, Center for Space Technology and Research (CSTAR) & Principal Research Engineer, Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI)

Ready’s work has been applied to both stars and superstars. With his expertise in materials science research and applications, he’s tested solar cells on the International Space Station while also boosting the quality of Bob Dylan’s music with a thin coating of sapphire and quartz.

“Most of my research involves putting atoms from the periodic table together in clever and useful ways,” said Ready, deputy director of the Institute for Materials who served on the steering committee for the planned space IRI. He believes the Georgia Tech-GTRI alliance has created a preeminent, top-five space research enterprise among academic institutions. 

“We’ve got the necessary pieces already demonstrated, including the ability to design new systems, subsystems, and instruments for use in space, as well as to build and test complete spacecraft and then operate those spacecraft from campus facilities after we launch them into space,” said Ready, who was Tech’s principal investigator on the Lunar Flashlight project.

“The way I see it, an IRI is very much like a porch railing, connecting together individual support pillars, bringing together and reinforcing the work of many talented research groups with many different backgrounds working collaboratively toward the same goal,” he said. “There are great opportunities ahead in space R&D, which will only be possible using an interdisciplinary approach.”

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Frances Rivera-Hernández headshot

Frances Rivera-Hernández

Assistant Professor, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences & Co-Director, Georgia Tech Astrobiology Program

Rivera-Hernández is a planetary geologist leading an interdisciplinary lab (PLANETAS) that digs deep into the science of the solid surfaces of the solar system. Historically, most of her work has addressed big questions about Mars.

“What was the climate like in the past? How much liquid water was there? What environments had this liquid water, and were those environments habitable for life? We try to answer these questions using the datasets gathered by rovers on Mars — they’re roving planetary geologists,” said Rivera-Hernández, who combines the information she gathers from across the solar system with what she learns from field work in the Antarctic, a fitting analogue for Mars.

Her lab’s expertise in geology is being applied to NASA’s exploration of Mars, the moon, and closer to home: She’s helping to develop a research center focused on landslide geohazards. But even her studies in her native Puerto Rico, where landslides have had a devastating effect in the wake of a hurricane, are informed by outer space research.

“We’re using our experience in working with remote sensors and datasets, from Mars and lunar exploration — these techniques are really common for us,” said Rivera-Hernandez, deputy principal investigator for CLEVER, a NASA Solar System Exploration Research Institute (SSERVI). “And we’re applying what we’ve learned from planetary science to problems occurring here on Earth.”

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Mitchell Walker headshot

Mitchell Walker

Daniel Guggenheim School Chair and William R.T. Oakes Professor & Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering

One of the world’s experts in spacecraft engineering, Walker directs Georgia Tech’s High-Power Electric Propulsion Laboratory and, as principal investigator of the Joint Advanced Propulsion Institute (JANUS), he guides a $15 million multi-university NASA Space Technology Research Institute. 

His aim with JANUS is to facilitate the advancement of high-power electric propulsion systems. It’s an alternative in space to chemical propulsion, “which makes a lot of smoke and fire and looks cool, but electric propulsion is 10 times more efficient and allows for better fine-tuned control of the spacecraft,” said Walker, who joined Georgia Tech in 2004 and was named school chair in 2023.

He considers his students as the facilitators and thought leaders of a new space age.

“Our country, our world, has moved to a space-based infrastructure — communication, commerce, national security, even our ability to sustainably protect our environment,” he said. 

“What will it look like when we go to the moons of Jupiter or Saturn to gather samples and bring them back, when all of our cell phones leave the towers and use the constellation of satellites? Our students are going to put the technology in place to make all of this happen, and in the process, they’re going to change how we interact with each other on the planet.”

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Mark Whorton headshot

Mark Whorton

Chief Technology Officer, Georgia Tech Research Institute

An aerospace engineer who earned his Ph.D. at Georgia Tech, Whorton joined GTRI in June 2020 after more than 25 years of conducting space-focused research and developing space flight systems for NASA, private industry, and the University of Tennessee’s Space Institute. So he’s well-equipped for his role in GTRI’s $941 million research enterprise.

“We have several focus areas and one of them is space, which is personally interesting to me because my entire career has been focused on space,” said Whorton, whose expertise is in the guidance, navigation, and control of aerospace vehicles.

Whorton believes an interdisciplinary research institute devoted to space research at Georgia Tech would benefit GTRI in its mission.

“We want to promote advanced capabilities in space systems, so that we can leverage those technologies into applied solutions for NASA, Space Force, the Air Force, and other entities,” he said, adding that one of GTRI’s key priorities is developing communication and sensing technologies for use beyond Earth’s orbit and in proximity to the moon.

“Another major challenge we’re addressing is a GPS system for the moon,” Whorton said. “We’re working with campus researchers to address foundational capabilities as we return to the moon in the same way that the railroad was the foundation for commerce from coast to coast.”

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Lisa Yaszek headshot

Lisa Yaszek

Regents’ Professor, Science Fiction Studies & School of Literature, Media, and Communication

People have been telling stories about outer space since they first looked into a night sky, then painted what they saw on cave walls, tens of thousands of years ago.

“Every culture has told speculative stories about outer space, basically since we began recording our stories,” said Yaszek, a member of the space IRI steering committee, whose books include Sisters of Tomorrow: The First Women of Science Fiction and Galactic Suburbia: Recovering Women’s Science Fiction.

“The space race really helped legitimize science fiction as something beyond kids’ fiction, or something that seemed liked pornography that was sold under the counter because of the racy covers,” Yaszek said. “Instead, it’s become a serious way of thinking about the world and the future. For example, a cool way that science fiction has inspired space science has been the partnership between NASA and people from Star Trek to recruit people into space careers.”

She points out that astronauts who have a weight limit on items they can bring to the International Space Station “often bring the science fiction books that inspired them.” Yaszek is encouraged by modern science fiction that authentically dramatizes technological and social problem-solving, including the television program The Expanse and novels by authors Mary Robinette Kowal and Charlie Jane Anders (who gave a presentation at Georgia Tech last year).

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Writer and Media Contact: Jerry Grillo | jerry.grillo@ibb.gatech.edu
Video: Christopher McKinney
Graphic: Stephanie Stephens
Rocket Photo: Courtesy of The Yellow Jacket Space Program
Other Photos: Georgia Tech, GTRI, and courtesy of Glenn Lightsey        

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